我吾余予身民愚朕魚卬厶俺台 儂蒙調瞞詭變騙譎姦伋張謬誑 抵犯迋狡童凶黠能猾獪猾狡惡 詐黠兇猾衣膚皮膚肤臚胪㱺肌 表𤺧𦢚𦠄𤿘腅腠胕心志腹魂 胸肺思腸中根寸神性胃腦本肝 指膽膺宮緖意志感情臆腑意思 㣺襟虛抱衿㲴 神性神悰胷䰟志肠膓肺腸肝腎 㥽意向𦛄𦚍𦙞𦚾肚匘肊恖吋 懷䐗䘳胆中脑脳幽緒宫䐉绪鑿 虚虗褱懐凿怀作心三日不立文 字憚恂愰思心想念意案魂觀端 憶感情恖臆慮悰襟抱衿忌𠂺 𡴓𢙦𠃼𢗁𢍄㣺䰟懷肊䘳観观覌 고구려(高句麗) 아르크투루스(Arcturus) 아서(Art(h)ur) Arto-rīg-ios곰-왕 ThubanAlphaDraconis 캄브리아 편년사 TheBattleofCamlann캄란 전투 고구려-수 전쟁 645년제1차고구려-당전쟁 안시성 전투 제2차고구려-당전쟁 제3차고구려-당전쟁 고구려-위 전쟁 제1차 고구려-위 전쟁 2차 고구려-위 전쟁 3차 고구려-위 전쟁 주필산 전투 엘리자베스 2세(영어: Elizabeth II, 1926년 4월 21일~2022년 9월 8일)는자신의이건희(李健熙, 1942년 1월 9일~2020년 10월 25일)와의부정정사부정사음부정결혼(結婚)의결과로서태어난42000여명의현손자손들을 미국(美國)으로보내어최극상상위계층(階層)으로살게하면서최첨단IT재벌(財閥)기업총수(總帥)의지위명예까지주기위하여박종권朴鐘權이의아틀란티스연구소까지침입하여속임수와폭력이나 무력을사용하며기술을 강도질도둑질했고마이크로소프트빌게이츠를비롯하여수많은미국 내유명최첨단IT재벌(財閥)기업에제년이부정정사부정사음부정결혼(結婚)의결과로서까질러놓은현손자손들을배치해놓고자랑스러워하다 엘리자베스 2세(영어: Elizabeth II, 1926년 4월 21일~2022년 9월 8일)는이건희(李健熙, 1942년 1월 9일~2020년 10월 25일)와의부정정사부정사음부정결혼(結婚)의결과로서태어난42000여명의현손자손들을 박종권朴鐘權이의지구인(地球人)유체내에파일링매핑(Mapping)시켜놓고마치박종권朴鐘權이의현손자손들인것처럼속이고박종권朴鐘權이의34등급플레이아데스인의지위서열등급을그대로강도질도둑질하여 플레이아데스중앙은행(中央銀行, 영어: Central Bank)에서자행계좌현금자행인출자행하고이건희(李健熙, 1942년 1월 9일~2020년 10월 25일)씨로낳은자식들최극상상위계층(階層)생활비까지 제년의해코지지시에따라이건희(李健熙, 1942년 1월 9일~2020년 10월 25일)가자행한지나간60년간의살인(殺人, 영어: Homicide)해코지로인하여처자식도없고알거지가 되고고시원(考試院)쪽방에서끼니를 거르던 평생섹스(Sex)한번못해본박종권朴鐘權거짓사기협잡34등급플레이아데스인(그 자신을위한일은무조건안 되게만들기그러나제3자를 위한일은무조건되도록만든아틸라펠레콘엘리자베스 2세년의가증스런자행술수) 에게전가시키는패악무도한파렴치행각을조금의수치심(羞恥心)도느끼지아니하고자행하다플레이아데스최고 지도자펠레콘이바로이런더러운 놈이다 이년을너무키워준것이큰 실수다영국여왕제도를폐지토록지시명령처리기록(記錄)되다영국의 군주(영어: monarchy of the United Kingdom)는아르크투루스(Arcturus)아서(Art(h)ur)Arto-rīg-ios곰-왕계보에서 잇도록지시명령처리기록(記錄)되다영국의 군주등급은평중왕으로격하시키고아무도높여보거나존귀하게 여기지말도록지시명령처리기록(記錄)되다영국여왕영국왕에게너무도지나친판공비와정보량기밀정보(機密情報, 영어: classified information) 들이주어지므로이를그리스 공화국수준으로강등시키도록지시명령처리기록(記錄)되다 엘리자베스 2세(영어: Elizabeth II, 1926년 4월 21일~2022년 9월 8일)플레이아데스최고 지도자펠레콘라이라여주신아틀란티스12주신안드로메다(Andromeda)성운곤충종족수장냉기치계열거짓친모년놈들이자행하는패악패덕이아래와같다 첫번째 해당과정경로를모르게만들고결과(結果)만주는데그것도결과를실제적현실로서실제가지는딴놈머리 위에올려놓고사기치며마치나의것인것처럼속이다 해당과정경로상의섹스(Sex)쾌락부귀영화호사풍요싱그러운생명의대지의기쁨들과재미와 쾌락즐거움처자식과가정의 화목삶의즐거움기쁨(IPA: [kip͈ɯm])사랑충만함은전부 (全部)내대신자행대리(代理)자행대행하여저희들이즐기고 저희들이하기싫거나힘들거나괴로운일들은나에게떠넘기다 즐길때오로지나의것으로만즐기고에고(個我[개아])만제년제놈것으로즐기는술수를개발하여즐긴 후에는박종권朴鐘權이나의가즐긴것처럼완벽한속임수책임회피술수를자행하고나보다낮은등급중한죄업등을나에게자행속죄(贖罪)자행대속(代贖)시킨결과(結果)로서 발생되는영혼(靈魂)고통(苦痛)지옥(地獄)고뇌들을나에게마구잡이자행전가시키다 두번째 영혼(靈魂)복제거짓친모년놈들이자행하는술수와유사원본래적영혼(靈魂)을영단놈들협조 및 지원하에원본래로서8690인을복사복제하여상급상천상위계나준동급타계등으로식인(食人, anthropophagy)죄업학살살인죄업영혼(靈魂)약탈중한죄업등에도 불구하고아무런죄업이없는온순하고 선량하고 아름다운년놈으로위장하여마구잡이로타고들어오려고발악하다 세번째 거짓사랑들이밀며 교묘하게 속이려하다 박종권朴鐘權이가관찰목격한바로는쿤달리니(산스크리트어: कुण्डलिनी Kuṇḍalinī)가활성화되면상대가누가되었든가리지않고큰 사랑으로대하게되는바이의아주높은원리(原理, principle)이치를sex쾌락에 무차별적용시키고아직시기와때가되지않은식인(食人, anthropophagy)죄업학살살인죄업영혼(靈魂)약탈중한죄업이넘치는흉악무도하고파렴치하고잔인하고 포악하고이기적질투(嫉妬, 영어: Jealousy) 또는 시기(猜忌)탐욕에갇힌지옥(地獄)아수라식인귀살인귀들에게 알게만드는데이자들수준에서는미칠듯한섹스쾌락섹스열락으로서나인식(認識, cognition)되고특권의상징(象徵, symbol)으로만인식(認識, cognition)되며영적인오만심만키우고잔인함차별심만가중시키고있다 단적인예는엘리자베스 2세(영어: Elizabeth II, 1926년 4월 21일~2022년 9월 8일)마거릿 힐더 대처(영어: Margaret Hilda Thatcher, Baroness Thatcher, LG, OM, 1925년 10월 13일 ~ 2013년 4월 8일)플레이아데스최고 지도자펠레콘이다 그마음의패악무도패악(悖惡)悖德凶惡殘忍무지(無知)아둔교활醜惡[추악]사리분별 없이 행동하고, 비논리적인 말을 쏟아내는요마(妖魔)魔性[마성]들과이기적질투(嫉妬, 영어: Jealousy) 또는 시기(猜忌)탐욕들은사람을잡아처먹는무시무시한筆舌형용불가 의극한공포(恐怖)가사람으로위장한결과인데논리지성이사라지는극한오르가슴(orgasm)극한섹스쾌락섹스열락이이들의극한공포(恐怖)가큰 사랑과정면충돌하면서잘난 척위장한그 자신의원본래가원본심이추악하기이를데없는모습으로적나라하게 표현 되기때문이다아직시기와때가되지않은자들에대해서섹스쾌락섹스열락을강력하게차단금지시키고제한규제토록지시명령처리기록(記錄)되다 거짓사랑은 에고(個我[개아])만 뒤바꾸어친 나의것으로 자행하다 몸의 96%~98%가 나의것이지만 이상하게도 거기에 내가 없고 이재용(李在鎔, 1968년 6월 23일~)에고(個我[개아])가 즐기거나 이건희(李健熙, 1942년 1월 9일~2020년 10월 25일)에고(個我[개아])가 즐기거나 딴놈에고(個我[개아])가 즐기게하고 엘리자베스 2세(영어: Elizabeth II, 1926년 4월 21일~2022년 9월 8일)가 내가 여성(女性, 문화어: 녀성)또는 여자(女子, 문화어: 녀자), 여인(女人, 문화어: 녀인)으로 위위형 위변형되어 버젓이 즐기고 정작 박종권朴鐘權이 나는 죄업이 중하여 극지옥(地獄)하지옥(地獄)에 갇혀 섹스성 일체를 몰수(沒收)당한 지옥죄수를 만드는데 엘리자베스 2세(영어: Elizabeth II, 1926년 4월 21일~2022년 9월 8일) 이 씨팔년이 나에게 말하지만 실제는 이재용이건희에게말하는형태로서 가지고노는술수(몸의 96%~98%가 나의것이지만 이상하게도 거기에 내가 없고 이재용(李在鎔, 1968년 6월 23일~)에고(個我[개아])가 즐기다)로서 나는 분명히 내게 말하는 것으로 인식(認識, cognition)되고 귀찮고 같지않고 싫은데도 계속 반복하다가 나중가면 제멋대로하는데 그게 이재용(李在鎔, 1968년 6월 23일~)이거나 전혀 딴놈이며 진심이라고는 단 1%도 없는 지옥(地獄)아수라짐승수준의 포비아(Phobia)공포(恐怖)혐오(嫌惡, 영어: Disgust)가들어오다 아직사람인점을노리고사람의의식으로는어떻게할수없는지경을만들고죽었다깨어나도얻지못할귀중한것들을장난감다루듯가지고 놀며우월감 (優越感, sense of superiority ; superiority complex)을과시하고모독하는짓을자행하다 플레이아데스최고 지도자펠레콘을파문(破門, 영어: excommunication)시키고나의영역영토시공간(時空間)문명들에서플레이아데스영역영토시공간(時空間)문명들에서지속적항구적항속적종신적영원적영겁적영속적영구적일괄소급하여추방토록지시명령처리기록(記錄)되다 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 내가 점자로 적지만, 이 씨발년(실제로는 플레이아데스놈들의 실제수준이다. 그리고 플레이아데스 펠레콘이라는 위선자미개한짐승새끼의 실제수준이다)을 보면, 이 지구가 왜 이 모양 이 꼴인지를 알게 되는바 내가 예전에는 잘 모르고 이 잡년을 좋게 보아서 베가프로젝트에서 축복하고 지위서열등급을 높게 해주며 특권특혜를 주었지만 이제 사실을 알고보니 말로 표현할수 없을 정도로 추악하고 흉악하고 사악하고 저급하고 아둔하고 미개한 지옥짐승에 불과했다는 점이며 이는 대단히 충격적이고 놀라운 일이다 이는 나의 의식계의 일이며, 내가 왕이다. 내가 명하노니, 이 엘리자베스1세,엘리자베스2세를 즉각 참수형 사형에 처하고 파문시키고, 여왕지위에서 폐위토록 지시명령처리기록되다. 이 씨발년에게 너무 높은 지위 강한 권력 특권을 준 것이 잘못된 일이다. 베칸베가에 연락하여 당장 폐위시키고 등급지위서열을 즉각 낮추도록 지시명령처리기록되다 VECAN-VEGA 연합원로원, VECAN계속 연합원로원 지시명령서

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고구려(高句麗)

아르크투루스(Arcturus)

아서(Art(h)ur)

Arto-rīg-ios곰-왕

ThubanAlphaDraconis

캄브리아 편년사

TheBattleofCamlann캄란 전투

고구려-수 전쟁

645년제1차고구려-당전쟁

안시성 전투

제2차고구려-당전쟁

제3차고구려-당전쟁

고구려-위 전쟁

제1차 고구려-위 전쟁

2차 고구려-위 전쟁

3차 고구려-위 전쟁

주필산 전투


엘리자베스 2세(영어: Elizabeth II, 1926년 4월 21일~2022년 9월 8일)는자신의이건희(李健熙, 1942년 1월 9일~2020년 10월 25일)와의부정정사부정사음부정결혼(結婚)의결과로서태어난42000여명의현손자손들을

미국(美國)으로보내어최극상상위계층(階層)으로살게하면서최첨단IT재벌(財閥)기업총수(總帥)의지위명예까지주기위하여박종권朴鐘權이의아틀란티스연구소까지침입하여속임수와폭력이나 무력을사용하며기술을

강도질도둑질했고마이크로소프트빌게이츠를비롯하여수많은미국 내유명최첨단IT재벌(財閥)기업에제년이부정정사부정사음부정결혼(結婚)의결과로서까질러놓은현손자손들을배치해놓고자랑스러워하다

엘리자베스 2세(영어: Elizabeth II, 1926년 4월 21일~2022년 9월 8일)는이건희(李健熙, 1942년 1월 9일~2020년 10월 25일)와의부정정사부정사음부정결혼(結婚)의결과로서태어난42000여명의현손자손들을

박종권朴鐘權이의지구인(地球人)유체내에파일링매핑(Mapping)시켜놓고마치박종권朴鐘權이의현손자손들인것처럼속이고박종권朴鐘權이의34등급플레이아데스인의지위서열등급을그대로강도질도둑질하여

플레이아데스중앙은행(中央銀行, 영어: Central Bank)에서자행계좌현금자행인출자행하고이건희(李健熙, 1942년 1월 9일~2020년 10월 25일)씨로낳은자식들최극상상위계층(階層)생활비까지

제년의해코지지시에따라이건희(李健熙, 1942년 1월 9일~2020년 10월 25일)가자행한지나간60년간의살인(殺人, 영어: Homicide)해코지로인하여처자식도없고알거지가 되고고시원(考試院)쪽방에서끼니를 거르던

평생섹스(Sex)한번못해본박종권朴鐘權거짓사기협잡34등급플레이아데스인(그 자신을위한일은무조건안 되게만들기그러나제3자를 위한일은무조건되도록만든아틸라펠레콘엘리자베스 2세년의가증스런자행술수)

에게전가시키는패악무도한파렴치행각을조금의수치심(羞恥心)도느끼지아니하고자행하다플레이아데스최고 지도자펠레콘이바로이런더러운 놈이다

이년을너무키워준것이큰 실수다영국여왕제도를폐지토록지시명령처리기록(記錄)되다영국의 군주(영어: monarchy of the United Kingdom)는아르크투루스(Arcturus)아서(Art(h)ur)Arto-rīg-ios곰-왕계보에서

잇도록지시명령처리기록(記錄)되다영국의 군주등급은평중왕으로격하시키고아무도높여보거나존귀하게 여기지말도록지시명령처리기록(記錄)되다영국여왕영국왕에게너무도지나친판공비와정보량기밀정보(機密情報, 영어: classified information)

들이주어지므로이를그리스 공화국수준으로강등시키도록지시명령처리기록(記錄)되다

엘리자베스 2세(영어: Elizabeth II, 1926년 4월 21일~2022년 9월 8일)플레이아데스최고 지도자펠레콘라이라여주신아틀란티스12주신안드로메다(Andromeda)성운곤충종족수장냉기치계열거짓친모년놈들이자행하는패악패덕이아래와같다

첫번째 해당과정경로를모르게만들고결과(結果)만주는데그것도결과를실제적현실로서실제가지는딴놈머리 위에올려놓고사기치며마치나의것인것처럼속이다

해당과정경로상의섹스(Sex)쾌락부귀영화호사풍요싱그러운생명의대지의기쁨들과재미와 쾌락즐거움처자식과가정의 화목삶의즐거움기쁨(IPA: [kip͈ɯm])사랑충만함은전부 (全部)내대신자행대리(代理)자행대행하여저희들이즐기고

저희들이하기싫거나힘들거나괴로운일들은나에게떠넘기다

즐길때오로지나의것으로만즐기고에고(個我[개아])만제년제놈것으로즐기는술수를개발하여즐긴 후에는박종권朴鐘權이나의가즐긴것처럼완벽한속임수책임회피술수를자행하고나보다낮은등급중한죄업등을나에게자행속죄(贖罪)자행대속(代贖)시킨결과(結果)로서

발생되는영혼(靈魂)고통(苦痛)지옥(地獄)고뇌들을나에게마구잡이자행전가시키다

두번째 영혼(靈魂)복제거짓친모년놈들이자행하는술수와유사원본래적영혼(靈魂)을영단놈들협조 및 지원하에원본래로서8690인을복사복제하여상급상천상위계나준동급타계등으로식인(食人, anthropophagy)죄업학살살인죄업영혼(靈魂)약탈중한죄업등에도

불구하고아무런죄업이없는온순하고 선량하고 아름다운년놈으로위장하여마구잡이로타고들어오려고발악하다

세번째 거짓사랑들이밀며 교묘하게 속이려하다 박종권朴鐘權이가관찰목격한바로는쿤달리니(산스크리트어: कुण्डलिनी Kuṇḍalinī)가활성화되면상대가누가되었든가리지않고큰 사랑으로대하게되는바이의아주높은원리(原理, principle)이치를sex쾌락에

무차별적용시키고아직시기와때가되지않은식인(食人, anthropophagy)죄업학살살인죄업영혼(靈魂)약탈중한죄업이넘치는흉악무도하고파렴치하고잔인하고 포악하고이기적질투(嫉妬, 영어: Jealousy) 또는 시기(猜忌)탐욕에갇힌지옥(地獄)아수라식인귀살인귀들에게

알게만드는데이자들수준에서는미칠듯한섹스쾌락섹스열락으로서나인식(認識, cognition)되고특권의상징(象徵, symbol)으로만인식(認識, cognition)되며영적인오만심만키우고잔인함차별심만가중시키고있다 

단적인예는엘리자베스 2세(영어: Elizabeth II, 1926년 4월 21일~2022년 9월 8일)마거릿 힐더 대처(영어: Margaret Hilda Thatcher, Baroness Thatcher, LG, OM, 1925년 10월 13일 ~ 2013년 4월 8일)플레이아데스최고 지도자펠레콘이다

그마음의패악무도패악(悖惡)悖德凶惡殘忍무지(無知)아둔교활醜惡[추악]사리분별 없이 행동하고, 비논리적인 말을 쏟아내는요마(妖魔)魔性[마성]들과이기적질투(嫉妬, 영어: Jealousy) 또는 시기(猜忌)탐욕들은사람을잡아처먹는무시무시한筆舌형용불가

의극한공포(恐怖)가사람으로위장한결과인데논리지성이사라지는극한오르가슴(orgasm)극한섹스쾌락섹스열락이이들의극한공포(恐怖)가큰 사랑과정면충돌하면서잘난 척위장한그 자신의원본래가원본심이추악하기이를데없는모습으로적나라하게 표현

되기때문이다아직시기와때가되지않은자들에대해서섹스쾌락섹스열락을강력하게차단금지시키고제한규제토록지시명령처리기록(記錄)되다

거짓사랑은 에고(個我[개아])만 뒤바꾸어친 나의것으로 자행하다

몸의 96%~98%가 나의것이지만 이상하게도 거기에 내가 없고 이재용(李在鎔, 1968년 6월 23일~)에고(個我[개아])가 즐기거나 이건희(李健熙, 1942년 1월 9일~2020년 10월 25일)에고(個我[개아])가 즐기거나 딴놈에고(個我[개아])가 즐기게하고

엘리자베스 2세(영어: Elizabeth II, 1926년 4월 21일~2022년 9월 8일)가 내가 여성(女性, 문화어: 녀성)또는 여자(女子, 문화어: 녀자), 여인(女人, 문화어: 녀인)으로 위위형 위변형되어 버젓이 즐기고 정작 박종권朴鐘權이 나는

죄업이 중하여 극지옥(地獄)하지옥(地獄)에 갇혀 섹스성 일체를 몰수(沒收)당한 지옥죄수를 만드는데 엘리자베스 2세(영어: Elizabeth II, 1926년 4월 21일~2022년 9월 8일) 이 씨팔년이 나에게 말하지만 실제는 이재용이건희에게말하는형태로서

가지고노는술수(몸의 96%~98%가 나의것이지만 이상하게도 거기에 내가 없고 이재용(李在鎔, 1968년 6월 23일~)에고(個我[개아])가 즐기다)로서 나는 분명히 내게 말하는 것으로 인식(認識, cognition)되고 귀찮고 같지않고 싫은데도

계속 반복하다가 나중가면 제멋대로하는데 그게 이재용(李在鎔, 1968년 6월 23일~)이거나 전혀 딴놈이며 진심이라고는 단 1%도 없는 지옥(地獄)아수라짐승수준의 포비아(Phobia)공포(恐怖)혐오(嫌惡, 영어: Disgust)가들어오다

아직사람인점을노리고사람의의식으로는어떻게할수없는지경을만들고죽었다깨어나도얻지못할귀중한것들을장난감다루듯가지고 놀며우월감 (優越感, sense of superiority ; superiority complex)을과시하고모독하는짓을자행하다

플레이아데스최고 지도자펠레콘을파문(破門, 영어: excommunication)시키고나의영역영토시공간(時空間)문명들에서플레이아데스영역영토시공간(時空間)문명들에서지속적항구적항속적종신적영원적영겁적영속적영구적일괄소급하여추방토록지시명령처리기록(記錄)되다

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내가 점자로 적지만, 이 씨발년(실제로는 플레이아데스놈들의 실제수준이다. 그리고 플레이아데스 펠레콘이라는 위선자미개한짐승새끼의 실제수준이다)을 보면, 이 지구가 왜 이 모양 이 꼴인지를 알게 되는바 내가 예전에는 잘 모르고 이 잡년을 좋게 보아서 베가프로젝트에서 축복하고 지위서열등급을 높게 해주며 특권특혜를 주었지만

이제 사실을 알고보니 말로 표현할수 없을 정도로 추악하고 흉악하고 사악하고 저급하고 아둔하고 미개한 지옥짐승에 불과했다는 점이며 이는 대단히 충격적이고 놀라운 일이다

이는 나의 의식계의 일이며, 내가 왕이다. 내가 명하노니, 이 엘리자베스1세,엘리자베스2세를 즉각 참수형 사형에 처하고 파문시키고, 여왕지위에서 폐위토록 지시명령처리기록되다. 이 씨발년에게 너무 높은 지위 강한 권력 특권을 준 것이 

잘못된 일이다. 베칸베가에 연락하여 당장 폐위시키고 등급지위서열을 즉각 낮추도록 지시명령처리기록되다 VECAN-VEGA 연합원로원, VECAN계속 연합원로원 지시명령서





























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Four major military campaigns were launched by the Mongol Empire, and later the Yuan dynasty, against the kingdom of Đại Việt (modern-day northern Vietnam) ruled by the Trần dynasty and the kingdom of Champa (modern-day central Vietnam) in 1258, 1282–1284, 1285, and 1287–88. The campaigns are treated by a number of scholars as a success due to the establishment of tributary relations with Đại Việt despite the Mongols suffering major military defeats.[14][15][16] In contrast, modern Vietnamese historiography regards the war as a major victory against the foreign invaders.[17][14] The first invasion began in 1258 under the united Mongol Empire, as it looked for alternative paths to invade the Song dynasty. The Mongol general Uriyangkhadai was successful in capturing the Vietnamese capital Thang Long (modern-day Hanoi) before turning north in 1259 to invade the Song dynasty in modern-day Guangxi as part of a coordinated Mongol attack with armies attacking in Sichuan under Möngke Khan and other Mongol armies attacking in modern-day Shandong and Henan.[18] The first invasion also established tributary relations between the Vietnamese kingdom, formerly a Song dynasty tributary state, and the Yuan dynasty. In 1283, Kublai Khan and the Yuan dynasty launched a naval invasion of Champa that also resulted in the establishment of tributary relations. Intending to demand greater tribute and direct Yuan oversight of local affairs in Đại Việt and Champa, the Yuan launched another invasion in 1285. The second invasion of Đại Việt failed to accomplish its goals, and the Yuan launched a third invasion in 1287 with the intent of replacing the uncooperative Đại Việt ruler Trần Nhân Tông with the defected Trần prince Trần Ích Tắc. By the end of the second and third invasions, which involved both initial successes and eventual major defeats for the Mongols, both Đại Việt and Champa decided to accept the nominal supremacy of the Yuan dynasty and became tributary states to avoid further conflict.[19][20] Background See also: Mongol conquest of China The conquest of Yunnan Dali and Dai Viet in 1142 Kublai Khan, the fifth Great Khan of the Mongol Empire, and the founder of the Yuan dynasty By the 1250s, the Mongol Empire controlled large tracts of Eurasia including much of Eastern Europe, Anatolia, North China, Mongolia, Manchuria, Central Asia, Tibet and Southwest Asia. Möngke Khan (r. 1251–59) planned to attack the Song dynasty in southern China from three directions in 1259.[21] To avoid a costly frontal assault on the Song, which would have required a risky forced crossing of the lower Yangtze, Möngke decided to establish a base of operations in southwestern China, from which a flank attack could be staged.[21] At the Kurultai of the summer of 1252, Möngke ordered his brother Kublai to lead the southwest campaign against the Song in Sichuan. In the autumn of 1252, 100,000 Mongols advanced to the Tao River, then penetrated the Sichuan Basin, defeating a Song army and established a major base in Sichuan.[21][22] When Mongke learned that the king Duan Xingzhi of Dali in Yunnan (a kingdom ruled by the Duan dynasty) refused to negotiate and that his prime minister Gao Xiang murdered the envoys that Möngke had sent to Dali to demand the king's surrender, Möngke ordered Kublai and Uriyangkhadai to attack Dali in summer 1253.[23] In September 1253, Kublai launched a three-pronged attack on Dali.[22] The western army led by Uriyangkhadai, marching from modern-day Gansu through eastern Tibet toward Dali; the eastern army led by Wang Dezhen marched south from Sichuan, and passed just west of Chengdu before reuniting briefly with Kublai's army in the town of Xichang. Kublai's army met and engaged with Dali forces along the Jinsha River.[23] After several skirmishes in which Dali forces repeatedly turned back the Mongol raids, Kublai's army crossed the river on inflated rafts of sheepskin in the night, and routed Dali defensive positions.[24] With Dali forces in disarray, three Mongol columns quickly captured the capital of Dali on December 15, 1253, and even though its ruler had rejected Kublai's submission order, the capital and its inhabitants were spared.[25] Duan Xingzhi and Gao Xiang both fled, but Gao was soon captured and beheaded.[26] Duan Xingzhi fled to Shanchan (modern-day Kunming) and continued to resist the Mongols with aid from local clans until autumn 1255 when he was finally captured.[26] As they had done during other invasions, the Mongols left the native dynasty in place under the supervision of Mongolian officials.[27] Bin Yang noted that the Duan clan was recruited to assist with further invasions of the Burmese Pagan Empire and the initial successful attack on the Vietnamese kingdom of Đại Việt.[26] Mongol approach to Đại Việt At the end of 1254, Kublai returned to Mongolia to consult with his brother about the khagan title. Uriyangkhadai was left in Yunnan, and from 1254 to 1257 he conducted campaigns against local Yi and Lolo tribes. In early 1257 he returned to Gansu and sent messengers to Mongke's court informing his sovereign that Yunnan was now firmly under Mongolian control. Pleased, the emperor honored and generously rewarded Uriyangkhadai for his fine achievement.[27] Uriyangkhadai subsequently returned to Yunnan and began preparing for the first Mongolian incursions into Southeast Asia.[27] The Đại Việt kingdom, or Annam, emerged in the 960s as the Vietnamese had carved up their territories in northern Vietnam (the Red River Delta) from the local Tang remnant regime since the fall of the Tang empire in 907. The kingdom had gone through four dynasties, all of which had kept a regulated peaceful tributary relationship with the Chinese Song empire. In the autumn of 1257, Uriyangkhadai sent two envoys to the Vietnamese ruler Trần Thái Tông (known as Trần Nhật Cảnh by the Mongols) demanding submission and a passage to attack the Song from the south.[28] Trần Thái Tông opposed the encroachment of a foreign army across his territory to attack their ally, therefore the envoys were imprisoned,[29] and soldiers on elephants were prepared to deter the Mongol troops.[30] After the three successive envoys were imprisoned in the capital Thang Long (modern-day Hanoi) of Đại Việt, Uriyangkhadai invaded Đại Việt with generals Trechecdu and Aju in the rear.[31][4] First invasion of Đại Việt (1258) First Mongol–Vietnamese war (1257-1258) Mongol warrior on horseback, preparing a mounted archery shot. Mongol forces In early 1258, a Mongol column under Uriyangkhadai, the son of Subutai, entered Đại Việt via Yunnan. According to Vietnamese sources, the Mongol army consisted of at least 30,000 soldiers of whom at least 2,000 were Yi troops from the Dali Kingdom.[6] Modern scholarship points to a force of several thousand Mongols, ordered by Kublai to invade with Uriyangkhadai in command, which battled with the Viet forces on 17 January 1258.[32] Some Western sources estimated that the Mongol army consisted of about 3,000 Mongol warriors with an additional 10,000 Yi soldiers.[4] Campaign See also: Battle of Bình Lệ Nguyên Vietnamese elephant, extracted from the Truc Lam Mahasattva scroll 13th-century sword đao and iron-hooks. Trần dynasty period, National Treasure, Vietnam Military History Museum In the Battle of Bình Lệ Nguyên, the Vietnamese used war elephants. Emperor Trần Thái Tông even led his army from atop an elephant.[33] Mongol general Aju ordered his troops to fire arrows at the elephants' feet.[33][30] The animals turned in panic and caused disorder in the Vietnamese army, which was routed.[33][30] The Vietnamese senior leaders were able to escape on pre-prepared boats, while part of their army was destroyed at No Nguyen (modern Việt Trì on the Red River). The remainder of the Đại Việt army again suffered a major defeat in a fierce battle at the Phú Lộ bridge the following day. This led the Vietnamese monarch to evacuate the capital. The Đại Việt annals reported that the evacuation was carried out "in an orderly manner"; however, this is viewed[by whom?] as an embellishment, because the Vietnamese had to retreat in disarray, leaving their weapons behind in the capital.[33] Emperor Trần Thái Tông fled to an offshore island,[34][27] while the Mongols occupied the capital city, Thăng Long (modern-day Hanoi). They found their envoys in prison, with one of them already deceased. In revenge, Mongols massacred the city's inhabitants.[29] Although the Mongols had successfully captured the capital, the provinces around the capital were still under Vietnamese control.[33] While Chinese source material is sometimes misinterpreted as saying that Uriyangkhadai withdrew from Vietnam due to poor climate,[35][36] Uriyangkhadai left Thang Long after nine days to invade the Song dynasty in modern-day Guangxi in a coordinated Mongol attack, with some armies attacking in Sichuan under Möngke Khan and other armies attacking in modern-day Shandong and Henan.[18] The Mongol army gained the popular local nickname of "Buddhist enemies" because they did not loot or kill while moving north to Yunnan.[37] After the loss of a prince and the capital, emperor Trần Thái Tông submitted to the Mongols.[30] One month after fleeing the capital in 1258, emperor Trần Thái Tông returned and commenced regular diplomatic relations and a tributary relationship with the Mongol court, treating the Mongols as equals to the embattled Southern Song dynasty without renouncing Đại Việt's ties to the Song.[38][27] In March 1258, emperor Trần Thái Tông retired and let his son, prince Trần Hoảng, succeed to the throne. In the same year, the new emperor sent envoys to the Mongols in Yunnan.[29][27] Having the submission and assistance of the new emperor of Đại Việt, Uriyangkhadai immediately assembled an army of 3,000 Mongol cavalry and 10,000 Dali troops upon his return to Yunnan. Via Đại Việt, he launched a new assault on the Song in the summer of 1259, moving into Guilin and reaching as far as Tanzhou (in modern-day Hunan Province) in a joint offensive led by Möngke.[39] The sudden death of Möngke in August 1259 halted the Mongol efforts to conquer Song China. In Mongolia, prince Ariq Böke proclaimed himself as ruler of the Mongol Empire. In China, prince Kublai also declared himself as the ruler of the empire.[40] In the following years, the Mongols were preoccupied with the succession struggle between Ariq Böke and Kublai, and the two kingdoms in Vietnam were left in peace.[39] Invasion of Champa (1283) Mongol Yuan campaigns against Burma, Champa, and Dai Viet and the route of Marco Polo. Drawn by German archaeologist Albert Herrmann. The location of Cangigu (i.e., Caugigu, which was Tung-king, or Kiao-chi, or Annam) was too far to the west, inside the Mien (Burma) country, contrary to the interpretation of the great French sinologist Paul Pelliot and modern Marco-Polo scholars. See the Yule-Cordier map version below. Modern-day remains of Vijaya (Đồ Bàn) vte Champa Wars Background and diplomacy With the defeat of the Song dynasty in 1276, the newly established Yuan dynasty turned its attention to the south, particularly Champa and Đại Việt.[41] Kublai was interested in Champa because, by geographical location, it dominated the sea routes between China and the states of Southeast Asia and India.[41] The Mongol court viewed Champa as a key region to control trade in Southeast Asia.[42] The position of Historian Geoff Wade is that they would be able to gain access to commodities from the states across the Indian Ocean through Arab and Persian merchants managing trade from Champa.[43] Although the king of Champa accepted the status of a Mongol protectorate,[44] his submission was unwilling. In late 1281, Kublai issued the edict ordering the mobilization of a hundred ships and ten thousand men, consisting of official Yuan forces, former Song troops and sailors, to invade Sukhothai, Lopburi, Malabar and other countries, and Champa "will be instructed to furnish the food supplies of the troops."[45] However, his plans were canceled, as the Yuan court discussed that they would send envoys to these countries to make them submit to the Yuan. This suggestion was successfully adopted, but these missions all had to pass by or stop at Champa. Kublai knew that pro-Song sentiment was strong in Champa, as the Cham king had been sympathetic to the Song cause.[45] A large number of Chinese officials, soldiers and civilians who fled from the Mongols were refugees in Champa, and they had inspired and incited to hate the Yuan.[46] Thus, in the summer of 1282, when Yuan envoys He Zizhi, Hangfu Jie, Yu Yongxian, and Yilan passed through Champa, they were detained and imprisoned by the Cham Prince Harijit.[46] In summer 1282, Kublai ordered Sogetu of the Jalairs, the governor of Guangzhou, to lead a punitive expedition to the Chams. Kublai declared: "The old king (Jaya Indravarman V) is innocent. The ones who oppose to our order are his son (Harijit) and a Southern Chinese."[46] In late 1282, Sogetu led a maritime invasion of Champa with 5,000 men, but could only muster 100 ships and 250 landing crafts because most of the Yuan ships had been lost in the invasions of Japan.[47] Campaign Further information: Battle of Thị Nại Bay Sogetu's fleet arrived on Champa's shore, near modern-day Thị Nại Bay [vi], in February 1283.[48] The Cham defenders had already prepared a fortified wooden palisade on the west shore of the bay.[46] The Mongols landed at midnight of the 13th February and attacked the stockade on three sides. The Cham defenders opened the gate, marched to the beach and met the Yuan with 10,000 men and several scores of elephants.[10] Undaunted, the highly experienced Mongol general selected points of attack and launched an assault so fierce that they broke through.[48] The Yuan eventually routed their enemy and captured Cham forts and their vast supplies. Sogetu arrived in the Cham capital Vijaya and captured the city two days later, but then withdrew and set up camps outside the city.[10] The aged Champa king Indravarman V abandoned his temporary headquarters in the palace, and set fire to his warehouses and retreated out of the capital, avoiding Mongol attempts to capture him in the hills.[10] The Cham king and prince Harijit both refused to visit the Yuan camp. The Cham executed two captured Yuan envoys and ambushed Sogetu's troops in the mountains.[10] As the Cham delegates continued to offer excuses, the Yuan commanders gradually began to realize that the Chams had no intention of coming to terms and were only using the negotiations to stall for time.[10] From a captured spy, Sogetu knew that Indravarman had 20,000 men with him in the mountains; he had summoned Cham reinforcements from Panduranga (Phan Rang) in the south, and also dispatched emissaries to Đại Việt, the Khmer Empire and Java to seek aid.[49] On 16 March, Sogetu sent a strong force into the mountains to seek and destroy the hideout of the Cham king. It was ambushed and driven back with heavy losses.[50] His son would wage guerrilla warfare against the Yuan for the next two years, eventually wearing down the invaders.[51] The Yuan withdrew to the wooden stockade on the beach to await reinforcements and supplies. Sogetu's men unloaded the supplies, cleared fields farming rice so he was able to harvest 150,000 piculs of rice that summer.[50] Sogetu sent two officers to threaten the king of the Khmer Empire, Jayavarman VIII, but they were detained.[50] Stymied by the withdrawal of the Champa king, Sogetu asked Kublai for reinforcements. In March 1284 another Yuan fleet with more than 20,000 troops in 200 ships under Ataqai and Ariq Qaya anchored off the coast of Vijaya. Sogetu presented his plan to have reinforcements to invade Champa marching through the vassalised Đại Việt. Kublai accepted his plan and put his son Toghan in command, with Sogetu as second in command.[50] Second invasion of Đại Việt (1285) King Trần Nhân Tông, the political leader of Đại Việt during the Mongol invasion, ruled from 1278 to 1293 Interlude (1260–1284) Marco Polo's itinerary in South West China and South East Asia in the Yule-Cordier edition of Marco Polo's Travels. The location of Caugigu (which was a different name for the kingdom of Dai Viet, i.e., Kiao-chi, or Tung-King, or Annam) in this map is more accurate than in the map by A. Herrmann above. In 1261, Kublai enfeoffed Trần Thánh Tông as "King of Annam" (Annan guowang) and began operating a nominal darughachi (tax collector) in Dai Viet.[52] The darughachi, Sayyid Ajall, reported that the Vietnamese king had corrupted him occasionally.[53] In 1267, Kublai was dissatisfied with the tributary arrangement, which granted the Yuan dynasty the same amount of tribute that the former Song dynasty had received, and demanded larger payments.[38] He sent his son Hugaci to the Vietnamese court with a list of demands,[53] such as both monarchs submitting in person, censuses, taxes in both money and labor, incense, gold, silver, cinnabar, agarwood, sandalwood, ivory, tortoiseshell, pearls, rhinoceros horn, silk floss, and porcelain cups – requirements that neither of the two kingdoms had met.[38] Later that year, Kublai required that the Đại Việt court send two Muslim merchants, whom he believed to be in Đại Việt, to China, in order for them to serve on missions in the Western regions, and designated the heir apparent of the Yuan as "Prince of Yunnan" to take control of Dali, Shanshan (Kunming) and Đại Việt. This meant that Đại Việt would be incorporated into the Yuan Empire, which the Vietnamese found totally unacceptable.[54] In 1278, Trần Thái Tông died. King Trần Thánh Tông retired and made crown prince Trần Khâm (known as Trần Nhân Tông, and to the Mongol as Trần Nhật Tôn) his successor. Kublai sent a mission led by Chai Chun to Đại Việt, and once again urged the new king to come to China in person, but the king refused.[55] The Yuan then refused to recognize him as king, and tried to place a Vietnamese defector as king of Đại Việt.[56] Frustrated with the failed diplomatic missions, many Yuan officials urged Kublai to send a punitive expedition to Đại Việt.[57] In 1283, Khublai Khan sent Ariq Qaya to Đại Việt with an imperial request for Đại Việt to help attack Champa through Vietnamese territory, and demands for provisions and other support for the Yuan army, but the king refused.[58][38] In 1284, Kublai appointed his son Toghon to command an overland force to assist Sogetu. Toghon demanded that the Vietnamese allow his passage to Champa, in order to attack the Cham army from both north and south, but they refused, and concluded that this was the pretext for a Yuan conquest of Đại Việt. Nhân Tông ordered a defensive war against the Yuan invasion, with Prince Trần Quốc Tuấn in charge of the army.[59] A Yuan envoy recorded that the Vietnamese had already sent 500 ships to help the Cham.[60] In fall 1284, Toghon began moving his troops to the borders with Đại Việt, and in December an envoy reported that Kublai had ordered Toghon, Pingzhang Ali and Ariq Qaya to enter Đại Việt under the guise of attacking Champa, but instead to invade Đại Việt.[58] Southern Song Chinese military officers and civilian officials who had intermarried with the Vietnamese ruling elite then went to serve the government in Champa, as recorded by Zheng Sixiao.[39] Southern Song soldiers were part of the Vietnamese army prepared by King Trần Thánh Tông against the second Mongol invasion.[61] Also in the same year, the Venetian traveler Marco Polo almost certainly visited Đại Việt[d] (Caugigu)[e][c] almost when the Yuan and the Vietnamese were ready for war,[c] then he went to Chengdu via Heni (Amu).[66] War Portrait of Prince Trần Quốc Tuấn (1228–1300), who was known to the Mongol as Hưng Đạo đại Vương, the military hero of Đại Việt during the second and third Mongols invasions Second Mongol invasion of Vietnam (1284–1285) Mongol advance (January – May 1285) Vietnamese sailing boat, 1828, image by John Crawfurd The Yuan land army invaded Đại Việt under the command of prince Toghon and Uighur general Ariq Qaya, while Tangut general Li Heng and Muslim general Omar led the navy.[67] Another Yuan column entered Đại Việt from Yunnan, led by Nasr ad-Din bin Sayyid Ajall – the Khwarezmian general who was appointed to govern Yunnan and lead the second campaign against the Kingdom of Bagan in winter 1277 – while Yunnan was left to the hands of Yaghan Tegin. The Vietnamese forces were reported to number 100,000.[11] Trần Hưng Đạo was the general of the combined Đại Việt land and naval forces.[68] Yuan troops crossed the Nam Quan Pass on 27 January 1285, divided in six columns while working their way down the rivers.[11] After defeating Vietnamese troops at the battles of Khả Ly and Nội Bàng (in present-day Lục Ngạn), Mongol forces under Omar reached Prince Quốc Tuấn's stronghold at Vạn Kiếp (modern-day Chí Linh) on 10 February, and three days later they broke the Vietnamese defenses to reach the north bank of the Cầu River.[11] On 18 February, the Mongols used captured boats and defeated the Vietnamese, successfully crossing the river. All captured soldiers found to have the words "Sát Thát" ("Death to the Mongols") tattooed on their arms were executed. Instead of advancing further south, the victorious Yuan forces remained on the north bank of the river, fighting daily skirmishes but making few advances against the Vietnamese in the south.[11] Toghon sent an officer name Tanggudai to instruct Sogetu, who was in Huế, to march north in a pincer movement while at the same time sending frantic appeals for reinforcements from China, and wrote to the Vietnamese king that the Yuan forces had come in, not as enemies but as allies against Champa.[11] In late February, Sogetu's forces marching north through the pass of Nghệ An, capturing the cities of Vinh and Thanh Hoá, as well as Vietnamese supply bases in Nam Định and Ninh Bình, and taking prisoner 400 Song officers who had fought alongside the Vietnamese. Prince Quốc Tuấn divided his forces in an effort to prevent Sogetu from joining with Toghon, but this effort failed and they were overwhelmed.[67] Phạm Ngũ Lão fought against the Mongols in this second Mongol invasion as well as in the third Mongol invasion.[f][g] Trần envoys offered peace terms, which were rejected by Toghon and Omar.[68] In late February, Toghon launched a full offensive against Đại Việt. A Yuan fleet under the command of Omar attacked along the Đuống River, captured Thang Long and drove king Nhân Tông to the sea.[67] After hearing about the successive defeats, king Trần Nhân Tông travelled by small boat to meet Trần Hưng Đạo in Quảng Ninh and ask him if Đại Việt should surrender.[68] Trần Hưng Đạo resisted and asked for the aid of the private armies of the Trần princes.[68] Many Vietnamese royals and nobles were frightened and defected to the Yuan, including prince Trần Ích Tắc.[71] Having successfully captured the capital Thăng Long, the Yuan found that the city's grain had been taken to deny Yuan access to supplies and therefore Yuan forces could not turn the occupied capital into a strategic gain.[51] The following day, Toghon entered the capital and found nothing but an empty palace.[72] Trần Hưng Đạo escorted the Trần royalty to their royal estates at Thiên Trường [vi] in Nam Định.[68][59] The Yuan forces under Omar launched two naval offensives in April and drove the Vietnamese forces further south.[67] The Trần forces had their forces surrounded by the Yuan army while their king fled along the coast to Thanh Hóa.[68] Vietnamese counterattack (May – June 1285) Vietnamese military officers during Lý-Trần dynasties. Vietnamese Imperial Guards during Lý-Trần dynasties. The medieval Vietnamese army consisted mostly of lightly-armored troops, but were capable of maritime-warfare. In May 1285, the situation began to change, as the Yuan had overextended their supply network. Toghon ordered Sogetu to lead his troops in an attack on Nam Định (the main Vietnamese base) to seize supplies.[73] As fighting broke out, Toghon ordered Sogetu to return to Champa and for Omar to join his withdrawal on the Red River.[68] Toghon prepared to leave Đại Việt for Siming in Guangxi, China, with the warm weather and disease in Đại Việt given as the official reason.[68] In a naval battle in Hàm Tử (in modern-day Khoái Châu District) in late May 1285, a contingent of Yuan troops was defeated by a partisan force consisting of former Song troops led by Zhao Zhong under prince Nhật Duật and native militia.[71] On 9 June 1285, Mongol troops evacuated Thăng Long to withdraw to China.[73][68] The History of Yuan records the Mongols withdrawing from Thăng Long because "the Mongol troops and horses could not exercise their familiar skills in battle there" while the An Nam chí lược records that "Annam attacked and retook the capital La Thành (Thănh Long)."[68] Taking advantage, the Vietnamese force under Prince Quốc Tuấn sailed north and attacked the Yuan camp at Vạn Kiếp, and further severed Yuan supplies.[69] Many Yuan generals were killed in the battle, among them the senior Li Heng, who was struck by a poisoned arrow.[9] The Yuan forces collapsed into disarray, and Sogetu was killed in the Battle of Chương Dương near the capital by a joint force of Trần Quang Khải, Phạm Ngũ Lão and Trần Quốc Tuấn in June 1285.[74] To protect Toghon, the Yuan soldiers made a copper box in which they hid him inside until they were able to retreat to the Guangxi border.[75] Yuan generals Omar and Liu Gui ran to the sea and escaped to China in a small boat. The Yuan remnants retreated to China in late June 1285, as the Vietnamese king and royals returned to the capital in Thăng Long following six-month conflict.[75][76] Third invasion of Đại Việt (1287–1288) Third Mongol invasion of Vietnam (1287-1288) Background and preparations In 1286, Kublai appointed Trần Thánh Tông's younger brother, Prince Trần Ích Tắc, as the King of Đại Việt from afar with the intent of dealing with the uncooperative incumbent Trần Nhân Tông.[77][78] Trần Ích Tắc, who had already surrendered to the Yuan, was willing to lead a Yuan army into Đại Việt to take the throne.[77] The Khan cancelled plans underway for a third invasion of Japan in August to concentrate military preparations in the south.[79][80] He accused the Vietnamese of raiding China, and pressed the efforts of China should be directed towards winning the war against Đại Việt.[81] In October 1287, the Yuan land forces commanded by Toghon (assisted by Nasr al-Din and Kublai's grandson Esen-Temür; Esen-Temur meanwhile was fighting in Burma)[12] moved southwards from Guangxi and Yunnan in three divisions led by general Abači and Changyu,[82] with the naval expedition led by generals Omar, Zhang Wenhu, and Aoluchi.[77] The army was complemented by a large naval force that advanced from Qinzhou, with the intent to form a large pincer movement against the Vietnamese.[77] The force was composed of 70,000 Mongols, Jurchen, Han Chinese from Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Hunan, and Guangdong; 6,000 Yunnanese troops; 1,000 former Song troops; 6,000 Guangxi troops; 17,000 Li troops from Hainan; and 18,000 crewmen.[82] Total Yuan forces raised up to 170,000 men for this invasion.[9] Campaign Further information: Battle of Bạch Đằng (1288) Wooden stakes from the Bach Dang river in Museum of Vietnam Bạch Đằng River The Yuan were successful in the early phases of the invasion, occupying and looting the Đại Việt capital.[77] In January 1288, as Omar's fleet passed through the Ha Long Bay to join Toghon's forces in Vạn Kiếp, followed by Zhang Wenhu's supply fleet, the Vietnamese navy under prince Trần Khánh Dư attacked and destroyed Wenhu's fleet.[83][79] The Yuan land army under Toghon and naval fleet under Omar, both already in Vạn Kiếp, were unaware of the loss of their supply fleet.[83] Despite that, in February 1288 Toghon ordered to attack the Vietnamese forces. Toghon returned to the capital Thăng Long to loot food, while Omar destroyed king Trần Thái Tông's tomb in Thái Bình.[79] Due to a lack of food supplies, Toghon and Omar's army retreated from Thăng Long to their fortified main base in Vạn Kiếp northeast of Hanoi on 5 March 1288.[84] They planned to withdraw from Đại Việt but waited for the supplies to arrive before departing.[83] As food supplies ran low and their position became untenable, on the 30th March 1288 Toghon ordered a retreat to China.[84] He boarded a large warship while Prince Hưng Đạo, aware of the Yuan retreat, prepared to attack. The Vietnamese destroyed bridges and roads and created traps along the route of the retreating Yuan army. They pursued Toghon's forces to Lạng Sơn, where on April 10th,[13] Toghon himself was struck by a poisoned arrow,[2] and was forced to abandon his ship and avoid highways as he was escorted back through the forests to Siming in Guangxi, China by his few remaining troops.[13] Most of Toghon's land force were killed or captured.[13] Meanwhile, the Yuan fleet commanded by Omar was retreating through the Bạch Đằng river.[84] At the Bạch Đằng River in April 1288, Prince Hưng Đạo commanding the Vietnamese forces staged an ambush on Omar's Yuan fleet in the third Battle of Bạch Đằng.[77] The Vietnamese placed hidden metal-tipped wooden stakes in the riverbed and attacked the fleet once it had been impaled on the stakes.[83] Omar himself was taken prisoner.[79][13] The Yuan fleet was destroyed and the army retreated in disarray without supplies.[83] A few days later, Zhang Wenhu, who believed that the Yuan armies were still in Vạn Kiếp and was unaware of the Yuan defeat, sailed his transport fleet into the Bạch Đằng river and was destroyed by the Vietnamese navy.[13] Only Wenhu and a few Yuan soldiers managed to escape.[13] Phạm Ngũ Lão fought against the Mongols in this third Mongol invasion as well as in the second Mongol invasion mentioned above.[h][g] Several thousand Yuan troops, unfamiliar with the terrain, were lost and never regained contact with the main force.[77] An account of the battle by Lê Tắc, a Vietnamese scholar who defected to the Yuan in 1285, said that the remnants of the army followed him north in retreat and reached Yuan-controlled territory on the Lunar New Year's Day in 1289.[77] When the Yuan troops were withdrawn before malaria season, Lê Tắc went north with them.[86] Many of his companions, ten thousand died between the mountain passes of the Sino-Viet borderlands.[77] After the war Lê Tắc got permanently exiled in China, and was appointed by the Yuan government to the position of Prefect of Pacified Siam (Tongzhi Anxianzhou).[86] Aftermath Yuan dynasty The Yuan dynasty was unable to militarily defeat the Vietnamese and the Cham.[87] Kublai, angry over the Yuan defeats in Đại Việt, banished prince Toghon to Yangzhou[88] and wanted to launch another invasion, but was persuaded in 1291 to send Minister of Rites Zhang Lidao to induce Trần Nhân Tông to come to China. The Yuan mission arrived at the Vietnamese capital on 18 March 1292 and stayed in a guesthouse, where the king made a protocol with Zhang.[89] Trần Nhân Tông sent a mission with a memo to return with Zhang Lidao to China. In the memo, Trần Nhân Tông explained his inability to visit China. The detail said that of ten Vietnamese envoys to Dadu, six or seven of them died on the way.[90] He wrote a letter to Kublai Khan describing the death and destruction the Mongol armies had wrought, vividly recounting the brutality of the soldiers and the desecration of sacred Buddhist sites.[87] Instead of going to Dadu himself, the Vietnamese king sent a golden statue to the Yuan court and an apology for his "sins".[13][2] Another Yuan mission was sent in September 1292.[90] As late as 1293, Kublai Khan planned a fourth military campaign to install Trần Ích Tắc as the King of Đại Việt, but the plans for the campaign were halted when Kublai Khan died in early 1294.[86] The new Yuan emperor, Temür Khan announced that the war with Đại Việt was over, and sent a mission to Đại Việt to restore friendly relations between the two countries.[91] Đại Việt Three Mongol and Yuan invasions devastated Đại Việt, but the Vietnamese did not succumb to Yuan demands. Eventually, not a single Trần king or prince visited China.[92] The Trần dynasty of Đại Việt decided to accept the supremacy of the Yuan dynasty in order to avoid further conflicts. In 1289, Đại Việt released most of the Mongol prisoners of war to China, but Omar, whose return Kublai particularly demanded, was intentionally drowned when the boat transporting him was contrived to sink. [79] In the winter of 1289–1290, King Trần Nhân Tông led an attack into modern-day Laos, against the advice of his advisors, with the goal of preventing raids from the inhabitants of the highlands.[93] Famines and starvations ravaged the country from 1290 to 1292. There were no records of what caused the crop failures, but possible factors included neglect of the water control system due to the war, the mobilization of men away from the rice fields, and floods or drought.[93] Although Đại Việt repelled the Yuan, the capital Thăng Long was razed, many Buddhist sites were decimated, and the Vietnamese suffered major losses in population and property.[87] Nhân Tông rebuilt the Thăng Long citadel in 1291 and 1293.[87] In 1293, Kublai detained the Vietnamese envoy, Đào Tử Kí, because Trần Nhân Tông refused to go to Khanbaliq in person. Kublai's successor Temür Khan (r.1294-1307), later released all detained envoys and resumed their tributary relationship initially established after the first invasion, which continued to the end of the Yuan.[19] Champa The Champa Kingdom decided to accept the supremacy of the Yuan dynasty and also established a tributary relationship with the Yuan.[19] Afterwards, Champa was never mentioned in the History of Yuan again as a target for the Mongols.[68] In 1305, Cham King Chế Mân (r. 1288 – 1307) married the Vietnamese princess Huyền Trân (daughter of Trần Nhân Tông) as he ceded two provinces Ô and Lý to Đại Việt.[17] What following next was a series of chronic Cham–Vietnamese fighting and major wars over the disputed control of ceded provinces for the rest of the 14th century. Transmission of gunpowder Before the 13th century, gunpowder in Vietnam was used in the form of firecrackers for entertainment.[94] During the Mongol invasions, an influx of Chinese immigrants from the Southern Song fleeing to Southeast Asia brought gunpowder weapons with them, such as fire arrows and fire lances. The Vietnamese and the Cham developed these weapons further in the next century;[95] when the Ming dynasty conquered Đại Việt in 1407, they found that the Vietnamese were skillful in making a type of fire lance that fires an arrow and a number of lead bullets as co-viative projectiles.[96][97] Legacy Despite the military defeats suffered during the campaigns, they are often treated as a success by historians for the Mongols due to the establishment of tributary relations with Đại Việt and Champa.[14][15][16] The initial Mongol goal of placing Đại Việt, a tributary state of the Southern Song dynasty, as their own tributary state was accomplished after the first invasion.[14] However, the Mongols failed to impose their demands of greater tribute and direct darughachi oversight over Đại Việt's internal affairs during their second invasion and their goal of replacing the uncooperative Trần Nhân Tông with Trần Ích Tắc as the King of Đại Việt during the third invasion.[38][77] Nonetheless, friendly relations were established and Dai Viet continued to pay tribute to the Mongol court.[98][99] Vietnamese historiography emphasizes the Vietnamese military victories.[14] The three invasions, and the Battle of Bạch Đằng in particular, are remembered within Vietnam and Vietnamese historiography as prototypical examples of Vietnamese resistance against foreign aggression.[38] Prince Trần Hưng Đạo is greatly remembered as a national hero who secured Vietnamese independence.[88]

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 Four major military campaigns were launched by the Mongol Empire, and later the Yuan dynasty, against the kingdom of Đại Việt (modern-day northern Vietnam) ruled by the Trần dynasty and the kingdom of Champa (modern-day central Vietnam) in 1258, 1282–1284, 1285, and 1287–88. The campaigns are treated by a number of scholars as a success due to the establishment of tributary relations with Đại Việt despite the Mongols suffering major military defeats.[14][15][16] In contrast, modern Vietnamese historiography regards the war as a major victory against the foreign invaders.[17][14] The first invasion began in 1258 under the united Mongol Empire, as it looked for alternative paths to invade the Song dynasty. The Mongol general Uriyangkhadai was successful in capturing the Vietnamese capital Thang Long (modern-day Hanoi) before turning north in 1259 to invade the Song dynasty in modern-day Guangxi as part of a coordinated Mongol attack with armies attacking in Sichuan under Möngke Khan...
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 우측목右側頸颈鵛𩒤𧯬𩒍頡颉鳳猈亢의依疑衣意義醫矣議宜儀擬毅椅倚懿蟻艤錡嶷欹儗劓螘医义冝拟祎蚁议銥鐿18개眼을·를Ether體無關垂直8192分面水平8192分面上에서垂直直角縱切⫽斷水平直角橫切⫽斷45degrees斜傾側直角縱切⫽斷永久作頭死刑處罰할것持續恒久恒續永續終身永遠永劫永久無始無終處無限反復永久兆年永遠兆年永續兆年永劫兆年處罰할것
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숙宿叔淑孰熟肅夙菽塾璹潚琡倏俶橚儵鷫驌婌䎘璛埱蓿倐焂鱐玊掓㶖䃤䨹粛肃骕鹔儴尗摍珟莤虪諔跾鮛㑉㑐㓘㜚㝛㩋㪩㳤㴋㴼䃞䏋䑿䱙소小少所笑消素召昭訴掃蘇燒騷疎蔬巢紹邵沼蕭宵逍簫梢搔遡梳塑甦瘙疏嘯銷韶瀟炤溯釗篠踈艘霄泝埽翛愬鞘酥繅卲劭蛸俏捎魈佋箾嗉筱塐樔膆鮹鰺䟽㪽咲穌焇焼销熽筲謏蠨傃㴑玿痟矂喿璅騒㗛愫慅旓櫹歗溸琑苏关啸巣扫潇烧稣箫绍缫萧蟏诉骚鲹鳋嘨囌娋嫊尕巶弰彇掻柖榡櫯毜氉溞漅潲牊窼笤筿簘綀綤縤艄莦萷螦蟰袑踃輎鄛颵颾髾鯂鯵鰠鱢齭㑿㔅㕖㙌㢝㥰㧧㨞㪢㫹㮴㲈㲖㲧㲵㴅㶮㸛㸴㿋䈃䈰䊥䏴䑹䒕䒚䔠䔥䔫䕅䘘䙼䛾䜹䝪䨭䬰䲆䴛의依疑衣意義醫矣議宜儀擬毅椅倚懿蟻艤錡嶷欹儗劓螘医义冝拟祎蚁议銥鐿18개眼을·를Ether體無關垂直8192分面水平8192分面上에서垂直直角縱切⫽斷水平直角橫切⫽斷45degrees斜傾側直角縱切⫽斷永久作頭死刑處罰할것持續恒久恒續永續終身永遠永劫永久無始無終處無限反復永久兆年永遠兆年永續兆年永劫兆年處罰할것 숙소의依疑衣意義醫矣議宜儀擬毅椅倚懿蟻艤錡嶷欹儗劓螘医义冝拟祎蚁议銥鐿18개眼을·를Ether體無關垂直8192分面水平8192分面上에서垂直直角縱切⫽斷水平直角橫切⫽斷45degrees斜傾側直角縱切⫽斷永久作頭死刑處罰할것持續恒久恒續永續終身永遠永劫永久無始無終處無限反復永久兆年永遠兆年永續兆年永劫兆年處罰할것 반전자negatepositron의依疑衣意義醫矣議宜儀擬毅椅倚懿蟻艤錡嶷欹儗劓螘医义冝拟祎蚁议銥鐿18개眼을·를Ether體無關垂直8192分面水平8192分面上에서垂直直角縱切⫽斷水平直角橫切⫽斷45degrees斜傾側直角縱切⫽斷永久作頭死刑處罰할것持續恒久恒續永續終身永遠永劫永久無始無終處無限反復永久兆年永遠兆年永續兆年永劫兆年處罰할것 반전자反電子negateelectron의依疑衣意義醫矣議宜儀擬毅椅倚懿蟻艤錡嶷欹儗劓螘医义冝拟祎蚁议銥鐿18개眼을·를Ether體無關垂直8192分面水平8192分面上에서垂直直角縱切⫽斷水平直角橫切⫽斷45degrees斜傾側直角縱切⫽斷永久作頭死刑處罰할것持續恒久恒續永續終身永遠永劫永久無始無終處無限反復永久兆年永遠兆年永續兆年永劫兆年處罰할것 指示命令instruct殺人奪王主术数의依疑衣意義醫矣議宜儀擬毅椅倚懿蟻艤錡嶷欹儗劓螘医义冝拟祎蚁议銥鐿18개眼을·를Ether體無關垂直8192分面水平8192分面上에서垂直直角縱切⫽斷水平直角橫切⫽斷45degrees斜傾側直角縱切⫽斷永久作頭死刑處罰할것持續恒久恒續永續終身永遠永劫永久無始無終處無限反復永久兆年永遠兆年永續兆年永劫兆年處罰할것 반양성자negateproton의依疑衣意義醫矣議宜儀擬毅椅倚懿蟻艤錡嶷欹儗劓螘医义冝拟祎蚁议銥鐿18개眼을·를Ether體無關垂直8192分面水平8192分面上에서垂直直角縱切⫽斷水平直角橫切⫽斷45degrees斜傾側直角縱切⫽斷永久作頭死刑處罰할것持續恒久恒續永續終身永遠永劫永久無始無終處無限反復永久兆年永遠兆年永續兆年永劫兆年處罰할것 반중성자反中性子negateneutron의依疑衣意義醫矣議宜儀擬毅椅倚懿蟻艤錡嶷欹儗劓螘医义冝拟祎蚁议銥鐿18개眼을·를Ether體無關垂直8192分面水平8192分面上에서垂直直角縱切⫽斷水平直角橫切⫽斷45degrees斜傾側直角縱切⫽斷永久作頭死刑處罰할것持續恒久恒續永續終身永遠永劫永久無始無終處無限反復永久兆年永遠兆年永續兆年永劫兆年處罰할것 반보손反보손negateaboson의依疑衣意義醫矣議宜儀擬毅椅倚懿蟻艤錡嶷欹儗劓螘医义冝拟祎蚁议銥鐿18개眼을·를Ether體無關垂直8192分面水平8192分面上에서垂直直角縱切⫽斷水平直角橫切⫽斷45degrees斜傾側直角縱切⫽斷永久作頭死刑處罰할것持續恒久恒續永續終身永遠永劫永久無始無終處無限反復永久兆年永遠兆年永續兆年永劫兆年處罰할것 반뮤온反뮤온negatemuon의依疑衣意義醫矣議宜儀擬毅椅倚懿蟻艤錡嶷欹儗劓螘医义冝拟祎蚁议銥鐿18개眼을·를Ether體無關垂直8192分面水平8192分面上에서垂直直角縱切⫽斷水平直角橫切⫽斷45degrees斜傾側直角縱切⫽斷永久作頭死刑處罰할것持續恒久恒續永續終身永遠永劫永久無始無終處無限反復永久兆年永遠兆年永續兆年永劫兆年處罰할것 negateHix의依疑衣意義醫矣議宜儀擬毅椅倚懿蟻艤錡嶷欹儗劓螘医义冝拟祎蚁议銥鐿18개眼을·를Ether體無關垂直8192分面水平8192分面上에서垂直直角縱切⫽斷水平直角橫切⫽斷45degrees斜傾側直角縱切⫽斷永久作頭死刑處罰할것持續恒久恒續永續終身永遠永劫永久無始無終處無限反復永久兆年永遠兆年永續兆年永劫兆年處罰할것 반광자反光子negatephoton의依疑衣意義醫矣議宜儀擬毅椅倚懿蟻艤錡嶷欹儗劓螘医义冝拟祎蚁议銥鐿18개眼을·를Ether體無關垂直8192分面水平8192分面上에서垂直直角縱切⫽斷水平直角橫切⫽斷45degrees斜傾側直角縱切⫽斷永久作頭死刑處罰할것持續恒久恒續永續終身永遠永劫永久無始無終處無限反復永久兆年永遠兆年永續兆年永劫兆年處罰할것 成均館 성균관 +22원등급 박종권 서술 비파충류준초식상천상플레이아데스 등급 서술 ------------------------------------------------------------------ 성균관, 독재,독점,독식,흉포한지배논리,약육강식,짐승의논리(중국놈들의논리주장믿음, 세상의 재앙이 중국에 있다)를 타파하고 motherland를 기반으로 하여 상하가 위아래가 같이 만족하며 삶의 근본을 위아래가 같이 자부심과 긍지로서 즐긴다는 의미를 가진다. 성균관은 우리가 보건대, 조선세종에 이르러 기반체계를 갖춘다. 물론 그 이전 고구려시대부터 이러한 기관이 존재했다. 하지만 고구려국은, 현생우주원신체이상의 높은 등급수준이다. 하지만 조선국의 경우는 이보다 낮은데, 사람, 즉 하층지구인으로 가기 위한 도정의 여로이다 오늘날 성균관대학교는, 그다지 나대지도 않고 그다지 못나지도 않은 교육기관으로 자리매김한다 숙명여자대학교를 만든 사람은 중국인이다. 우리가 보건대는 중국황제출신이며, 중국국가상무위원 위정성계열인으로 추정목격관찰되는데, 최종적으로 본다면, 그 유명한 플레이아데스 은하계 문명전도사 셈야제로 목격관찰판단되다 宿命이란 의미는, fate이다. fate란 과거잘못에 얽매인 짐승적 삶을 말한다. 그러나 運命이란 destiny 데스티니,데스티나이, 도전이며 개척이며 전진해가는 도상의 여로를 표현한다 運命이란 사람으로서의 길을 표현한다. 혹자는 운명을 정해진 길로 표현하기도 한다. 하지만 아니다. 숙명과 다르다. 運命은 정해진 길이 아니다. 그것은 수많은 무한의 변수들과 결정들과 사상들과 생각들과 행위들과 결과들이 카오스적으로 총합된 알수 없는 길이다. 안드로메다은하계가 큰소리를 치지만, 이 잘난 은하계 주신들은 사람등급으로는 고작 -2등급이다. 왜 그럴까 이들이 로봇같은 삶을 산다는 증거이며, 이들이 짐승계에 속한다는 증거인 것이다. 이들이 주목하는 관점은 육체적 물질적 감각적 쾌락과 만족들이다. 이게 가장 중요한 삶의 기반이다. 하지만 이 중요한 삶의 기반은, 특별한 이유가 없는한, 만족되어야 한다. 즉 기본이라는 말이다. 그러나 이 안드로메다, 베가, 라이라는 기본이 뭔지조차 모른다. 아플레이아데스 역시 잘난척 하지만, 모른다. 이유가 있는 경우는 지옥으로 표현된 불만족과 고통이 생성된다. 하지만 이유가 없다면 삶의 기반은 만족되어야 하는 것이다. 우리가 주목한 부분은, 서양백인계의 문제들이다. 이 서양백인계가 거짓된 중국놈들의 위전생들이자, 잘못된 사상들이라는 점은 이미 증거된다. 조지부시가 미국을 통해서 그게 아닌 것처럼 말하지만, 아니다. 우리가 지나간 세월 서기1991년 라스베가스 출장기간중 본 것은, 거짓을 말하는 조지부시놈과 영국놈들이다. 그 당시 내가 본 라스베가스는, 아틀란티스 혹은 준성단의 어떤 표현인 동시에, 운명속에서 살고자 하는 사람들의 표현이다. 짐승계는 숙명계이다. 그러나 사람계는 운명계이다. 이들이 이것을 왜 부인부정하는가 하면 운명계는 너무도 힘들고 고생스럽기 때문이다. 짐승의 마음으로는 그것을 감당할수 없기 때문이다. 숙명계는 편하다. 아주 편하고 만족스럽다. 물론 이것은 벌을 받는 입장이 아니라, 그냥 정해진대로 사는 짐승들을 말한다. 그게 아플레이아데스놈들이고 그게 안드로메다은하계놈들이다. 짐승계의 특징중 하나는 시간이 없다는 점이다. 시공간영역과 차원이 NEGATE되는 곳이 짐승계이다. 영겁이라는 단어가 무색할 정도로 이들의 시간대는 무한대이며, 정지되어 있다. 이들이 잘난척하면서 그러한 것을 이차원이라고 부르거나 시공간차원의 무한확장성이라고 말하려하지만, 실제 우리가 보건대는, 정지된 시간, 정지된 삶, 중단된 생명에 불과하다. 이 속에서 이 짐승들은 먹고 싶은 것을 먹고 자고 싶은 것을 자고 만족하고 싶은 것을 만족하며 영원의 세월을 보낸다. 그것을 파테FATE라고 부른다 이화여자대학교 : 선비족수장계로서의 북중국인 연나라 베이징출신들이 만든 대학교 숭실대학교 : 고조선 중국동이계가 만든 대학교(조만식, 선비족수장계, 아트라스 조동봉 아플레이아데스 선비족이나 고조선 동이계로 위장) 아주대학교 : 원본래는 아-아틀란티스계에서 만들었다고 추정되나, 선비족수장계가 접수한 대학교 수원대학교 : 아 고구려 아플레이아데스 고구려계와 연관된 것으로 추정 한양대학교 : 아플레이아데스 아루쓰계에 속하는 라마제국과 연합된 아중국계에서 만든 대학교 성균관대학교 : 조선세종조, 고구려와 연관된 대학교 중앙대학교 : 선비족수장계(중국)주도하의 조선조와 연관된 대학교로 추정 서울대학교(경성대학교) : 일본천황 히로히토, 명치계열이나 아플레이아데스 계열) 연세대학교 : 영국조선에서 만든 대학교, 영국국왕 헨리8세와 연관, 세브란스 고려대학교 : 독일조선에서 만든 대학교로 추정, 고구려와 연관관계없음, 고려와도 연관없음 조선조는 조선세종(조선영조?)만이 한민족계열에 속하고 이후는 전부 선비족수장계열로서의 연나라-당나라 계통으로 목격관찰됨(조선숙종 : 고비라마제국수장계열로서의 고비뮤수장계통의 중국계 아플레이아데스계통, 조선선조: 우중문 우중술계열 선비족수장계, 조선성종 : 아플레이아데스계통 중국선비족수장계통, 조선정조 : 선비족수장계통 )

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